Adam Smith and the Political Weaponization of Empathy

Adam Smith’s moral philosophy, best articulated in his foundational work The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), emphasizes the role of sympathy as a cornerstone of ethical behavior and human interaction. Contrary to the reductionist view that human actions are primarily driven by self-interest—a view often mistakenly attributed solely to his economic theories—Smith argues that our innate capacity for empathy fosters moral sentiments that guide our judgments toward justice and the common good.

This perspective not only highlights the importance of moral reasoning rooted in empathetic understanding but also offers critical insights into contemporary political discourse, where empathy is frequently manipulated for rhetorical advantage.

How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it.

Adam Smith

The Foundation of Moral Philosophy

Smith’s moral philosophy is fundamentally rooted in the concept of sympathy. This text serves as a counterbalance to his later economic writings, emphasizing the ethical dimensions of human interactions. Smith posits that moral sentiments arise from our capacity to imaginatively place ourselves in the situations of others, which engenders feelings of compassion and social connectedness.

Sympathy and Moral Phenomenology

At the heart of Smith’s philosophy is the belief that sympathy is essential for moral reasoning. He asserts that individuals evaluate the appropriateness of actions not merely through a lens of personal benefit, but by considering the feelings and circumstances of others. By engaging in this imaginative engagement, one can develop a deeper moral awareness that transcends selfish impulses.

Smith’s approach can be characterized as a moral phenomenology, where the justification for moral judgments is derived from our actual experiences and interactions rather than abstract principles. This perspective indicates that moral philosophy should be deeply embedded in the fabric of everyday life, shaped by emotional engagements and social relationships.

To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society.

Theodore Roosevelt

The Role of Justice

Justice, according to Smith, is a critical virtue that facilitates the smooth operation of society. He categorizes justice as a negative virtue—primarily concerned with avoiding harm—while other virtues can drive positive actions. This understanding of justice highlights its importance in maintaining social order and promoting trust within communities, where mutual respect and fairness encourage cooperative behavior.

The Misuse of Empathy in Modern Politics

The implications of Smith’s ideas are particularly pertinent in the current political landscape. While modern politics often invokes empathy as a tool for connection, Smith’s original conception calls for a genuine understanding of others’ experiences. Today, however, the invocation of empathy often serves as a double-edged sword.